The report synthesizes findings from national studies in Germany, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Sweden, examining how policies in housing, education, and the labour market have shaped the reception of Ukrainians displaced by Russia's full-scale invasion. It also highlights key gaps between policy and practice, revealing where implementation challenges persist across cases. Since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, managing the arrival of millions of forcibly displaced people has become a defining challenge for national administrations, testing both the responsiveness and resilience of democratic institutions. For policymakers, NGOs, and researchers, understanding these dynamics is crucial, and our findings offer actionable insights that can inform strategic decisions, program design, and evidence-based debates.
 As Europe continues to navigate the largest displacement since World War II, this comparative analysis offers insights for policymakers, civil society, and researchers working to strengthen response and support systems.