This subproject examines the transformative resilience of health systems in the Baltic Sea region using the COVID pandemic as a case study. It asks whether and how health systems improved and structurally evolved after the crisis. A country comparison first establishes a resilience index based on data on mortality, waiting times, and training capacities. Country policies during the pandemic are also analyzed and a pandemic preparedness index developed. The goal is to identify the factors underlying resilient health systems and derive policy recommendations as well as insights into rebuilding public trust in healthcare.